References

[1]

Santiago Barreda. Fast Track: Fast (nearly) automatic formant-tracking using Praat. Linguistics Vanguard, 2021. doi:10.1515/lingvan-2020-0051.

[2]

Steven Bird and Mark Liberman. A formal framework for linguistic annotation. Speech communication, 33(1-2):23–60, 2001.

[3]

Maurice Grammont. Traité pratique de prononciation française. Delagrave, 1914.

[4]

Kaylynn Gunter, Charlotte Vaughn, and Tyler Kendall. Contextualizing/s/retraction: sibilant variation and change in washington dc african american language. Language Variation and Change, 33(3):331–357, 2021.

[5]

James Hillenbrand, Laura A. Getty, Michael J. Clark, and Kimberlee Wheeler. Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(5):3099–3111, 1995. doi:10.1121/1.411872.

[6]

Khia A Johnson and Molly Babel. Language contact within the speaker: phonetic variation and crosslinguistic influence. Language and Speech, 67(2):401–437, 2024.

[7]

Laura L. Koenig, Christine H. Shadle, Jonathan L. Preston, and Christine R. Mooshammer. Toward improved spectral measures of /s/: Results from adolescents. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56(4):1175–1189, 2013. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0038).

[8]

Ilse Lehiste. The timing of utterances and linguistic boundaries. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 51(6B):2018–2024, 1972.

[9]

Massimo Lipari, Peter Milne, and Morgan Sonderegger. Les « données trouvées » et la variation phonétique en français québécois. 9e colloque Les français d'ici, 2024.

[10]

Massimo Lipari and Morgan Sonderegger. A new perspective on the development of quebec french rhotic vowels. Laboratory Phonology, 2025.

[11]

Roger Yu-Hsiang Lo and Márton Sóskuthy. Articulation rate in consonants and vowels: results and methodological challenges from a cross-linguistic corpus study. In Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 3206–10. 2023.

[12]

Laurel MacKenzie and Gillian Sankoff. A quantitative analysis of diphthongization in Montreal French. Selected Papers from NWAV 37, pages 91–100, 2010.

[13]

Jeff Mielke, Erik R Thomas, Josef Fruehwald, Michael McAuliffe, Morgan Sonderegger, Jane Stuart-Smith, and Robin Dodsworth. Age vectors vs. axes of intraspeaker variation in vowel formants measured automatically from several english speech corpora. In Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, volume 19. 2019.

[14]

Terrance M. Nearey and Peter F. Assmann. Modeling the role of inherent spectral change in vowel identification. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 80(5):1297–1308, 1986. doi:10.1121/1.394433.

[15]

Patrick F. Reidy. An introduction to random processes for the spectral analysis of speech data. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics, 60:67–116, 2013. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/80995.

[16]

Christine H. Shadle. Alternatives to moments for characterizing fricatives: Reconsidering Forrest et al. (1988). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 153(2):1412–1426, 2023. doi:10.1121/10.0017231.

[17]

Morgan Sonderegger, Jane Stuart-Smith, and Jeff Mielke. How variable are English sibilants? In Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 3196–3200. Prague, 2023.

[18]

Jane Stuart-Smith, Morgan Sonderegger, Rachel Macdonald, Jeff Mielke, Michael McAuliffe, and Erik R Thomas. Large-scale acoustic analysis of dialectal and social factors in english/s/-retraction. In Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, volume 19. 2019.

[19]

James Tanner, Morgan Sonderegger, and Jane Stuart-Smith. Multidimensional acoustic variation in vowels across english dialects. In Proceedings of the 19th SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, 72–82. 2022.

[20]

James Tanner, Morgan Sonderegger, Jane Stuart-Smith, and Josef Fruehwald. Toward “english” phonetics: variability in the pre-consonantal voicing effect across english dialects and speakers. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 3:38, 2020.

[21]

D.J. Thomson. Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE, 70(9):1055–1096, 1982. doi:10.1109/PROC.1982.12433.

[22]

Connie Ting, Morgan Sonderegger, Meghan Clayards, and Michael McAuliffe. The crosslinguistic distribution of vowel and consonant intrinsic f0 effects. Language, 101(1):1–36, 2025.